What methods of indirect or home-based observation (such as projection) are recommended, and how can they be carried out safely?

Indirect observation is the safest method, as you never look directly at the Sun, but rather at its shadow or reflection. It involves projecting the image of the Sun onto a smooth surface (such as a sheet of white card) by passing it through a small hole. You can use everyday items such as a kitchen slotted spoon, or make a simple camera obscura out of cardboard. The IGN provides detailed instructions on how to set up these systems easily and safely: How to observe eclipses (IGN).